Biodemography of fertility in japan shoko konishi springer. Source for information on fertility, proximate determinants. Determinants of fertility proximate variables opportunities for sex conception gestation contraceptive use unmet need for family planning limits to human fertility fertility vs fecundity fertility vs. Fertility levels in subsaharan africa are among the highest in the world. Questions pertaining to the abovementioned proximate determinants of fertility were included in the womens questionnaire, which was used to interview evermarried women age 1549. Explaining the role of proximate determinants on fertility decline. In other words, aggregate analyses have found, as they should theoretically, no direct effects of social and economic factors on fertility once the proximate determinants are taken into account. Pdf a framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility. These 4 proximate determinants are of most importance both because they differ greatly between populations and because fertility is highly sensitive to changes in them. Pdf fertility is one of the elements in population dynamics that makes a significant contribution towards changing population size and.
A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility. The proximate determinants of fertility in subsaharan africa. May 05, 2012 learn about the proximate determinants of fertility by exploring famplans policy analysis screen. Apart from proximate determinants, certain sociodemographic factors have been reported to inform fertility in some developing nations but a comprehensive report for nigeria is lacking in the literature.
Fertility is one of the elements in population dynamics that makes a. The main focus of the study is to examine the role of the major proximate determinants of fertility in bringing about the change in fertility level in bangladesh. The proximate determinants of fertility in populations. The findings of the study further show that forage at first sexual intercourse, women in the rural areas initiate sexual intercourse a year earlier than those in the urban areas except in. Bongaarts aggregate model of the proximate determinants of fertility. In this section, we will summarize available data related to proximate determinants of fertility in japan while. Pdf the proximate determinants of fertility in sub. Pdf proximate determinants of fertility in ethiopia. The proximate determinants of fertility are the biological and behavioral factors pd through which the determinants backgroundsocial, economic, and environmental variables affect fertility. The distinguishing feature of a proximate determinant is its direct connection fertility. Studies of the causes of fertility levels and their changes often seek to measure directly the impact of socioeconomic factors on fertility. The effects on fertility of its 3 major proximate determinants were examined marriage, contraception, and postpartum infecundability.
Bongaarts 1978, 1982 and bongaarts and potter 1983 refined davis and blakes framework into 7 important factors, which were termed as the proximate determinants of fertility, to understand variations in level of fertility between populations. The analysis indicates that fertility has temporarily ceased to decline in recent years due to the tempo effect of high past fertility, but in general a declining trend in fertility is underway. Learn about the proximate determinants of fertility by exploring famplans policy analysis screen. Although it is known that the level of fertility of any population is influenced by both indirect socioeconomic and cultural systems and direct proximate or intermediate determinants or factors 3,1012, fertility rate in nigeria is known to be unequal across geopolitical zones due to differences in culture, religious inclinations and some. The data used for the analysis in this dissertation comes from the demographic and health surveys. During this 20 years period, fertility has declined by 62% an average of 3. This chapter discusses the proximate determinants of fertility or the intermediate factors, other than contraception, that affect a womans risk of becoming pregnant. Bongaarts aggregate model of the proximate determinants which focuses on marriage, contraception, abortion, and sterility has been widely used to analyse the influence of proximate determinants on fertility. Bongaarts 1978 termed these factors as proximate determinants of fertility. The levels and trends in total fertility rate tfr and crude birth rate cbr, as depicted in fig. Proximate determinants of fertility in peninsular malaysia.
This book presents original data on the proximate determinants of fertility in japan. The four proximate determinants of fertility, total fertility and background variables were calculated by using microsoft excel software. Fertility differentials by ethnic group, place of residence, educational attainment, womens work and family wealth are largely due to compositional differences in age and age at marriage. Particular attention is given to the biological and behavioral factors, such as postpartum abstinence, prolonged breastfeeding, and pathological sterility.
Pdf socioeconomic and proximate determinants of fertility. Modelling the proximate determinants of fertility for. A comparison of how the proximate determinants of fertility have changed over time provides an understanding of the biological and behavioral factors underlying fertility change. Tariku laelago, yitagesu habtu, and samuel yohannes. Bongaarts 1978 had earlier talked about a set of proximate determinants through which modernization acts upon fertility levels. This study uses the model introduced by bongaarts 1978. This book discusses the biological and behavioral dimensions of human fertility that are linked to intermediate fertility variables.
Proximate determinants link both social and biological factors to fertility. In order to improve the understanding of fertility behavior, its variations among different subgroups and underlying causes of the variations, it is necessary to analyze the mechanisms through which proximate determinants influence fertility. A study in 1985 exploring the utility of studying the proximate determinants of fertility for sub. Proximate determinants of fertility when it comes to understanding why populations sometimes shrink and sometimes swell, sociologists like to study the proximate determinants of fertility. The distinguishing feature of a proximate determinant is its direct connection with fertility. The proximate determinants of fertility and birth intervals. Three biological proximate variables are identified. Using this large body of data, both methodological and substantive issues were addressed. Results from the analysis indicate that there has been a universal decrease in the.
In 1978, bongaarts developed these ideas into a framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility that explained the fertilityinhibiting effects of the key direct determinants bongaarts, 1978 and. A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility, john bongaarts, 1978, fertility, human, 98 pages. An analysis of the proximate determinants presents the proximate determinants of natural fertility. To introduce the concept of a framework of proximate determinants of fertility to understand the mechanism through which social, economic, cultural and environmental factors influence fertility. Application of vital statistics, population census, and survey data of peninsular malaysia on bongaartss model vindicates that marriage postponement and contraceptive use are the 2 most important proximate determinants of fertility, but the effects are not uniform across the ethnic groups. Proximate determinants of fertility in japan request pdf. After working through this module you should be able to.
As a result, recent fertility declines in a few countries have gained the attention of researchers and policy makers, and have renewed interest in the factors affecting fertility. These proximate determinants include, for instance. This paper critically analyses the fertility levels in bangladesh with a view to exploring the possible explanations of fertility decline in the 1990s and then its stabilization. A number of similar fertility and health surveys have been conducted by the centers for disease control and prevention as have various country surveys that have studies in family planning volume 29 number 3 september 1998 255. The estimated tf of 28 is a very high rate and this could be as a result. Modeling the determinants of fertility among women of. This paper examines the proximate determinants of fertility that are responsible for these variations in fertility. Twins fertility ratio or the number of times that proximate determinants results in twins create your account to access this entire worksheet a premium account gives you access to all lesson. Pdf download for proximate determinants of fertility in ethiopia. Proximate determinants of fertility by economic status. The lower the index, the more influential the proximate determinant is in reducing the total fecundity rate tf. The role of proximate determinants in influencing fertility has been well documented worldwide. Proximate determinants of fertility in japan springerlink. The examination of the proximate determinants of teenage fertility will be achieved through the use of the zimbabwe demographic health survey 201011.
The proximate determinants of fertility sciencedirect. The proximate determinants of fertility are the biological and behavioral factors through which socioeconomic and environmental variables operate to influence the rate of childbearing in a population. Modeling the fertility impact of the proximate determinants. If a proximate determinant, such as contraceptive use, to. The following is a complete list and a brief description of the proximate determinants. An index value of 0 has the strongest effect of reducing fertility fertility equals zero. The following is a complete list and a brief description of the proximate. Therefore, proximate determinants of fertility are more relevant in. Trends and patterns, proximate determinants and policies of fertility change arjan gjonca 1 arnstein aassve 2 letizia mencarini 3 abstract for a very long time, albania has had one of the highest levels of fertility in europe. Its goal is to disaggregate low fertility levels in japan into physiological, behavioral, and social components. In the following section we presented detailed analysis of fertility differential model that quantifies the negative and positive effects of each of the socioeconomic and cultural factors on fertility. Revising the proximate determinants of fertility framework.
Proximate determinants of fertility in rwanda 2000 tf. Such procedures have a broad appeal to policymakers, offering as they do to. As such, the ethiopian government, international nongovernmental organizations and policymakers must pay attention to increase the prevalence of contraceptive use and educate society to fight against child marriage. As first outlined by davis and blake 1956, the factors affecting fertility can be classified into two groups.
Bongaarts and potter 1983 quantified the effects of six of the nine proximate determinants of fertility that were shown to have the greatest effect on fertility in 41 populations. The proximate determinants framework is the fundamental equation in famplans calculations. This paper provides an analysis of the socioeconomic and proximate determinants of fertility in the philippines, using the 2008 national demographic and health survey ndhs data. Modelling the proximate determinants of fertility for brazil. Such procedures have a broad appeal to policymakers, offering as they do to pinpoint mechanisms susceptible. The proximate determinants of fertility are the biological and behavioral factors through which the indirect determinantssocial, economic, psychological, and environmental variablesaffect fertility.
The demographic impact of family planning programs. It utilises data from the 2001 lesotho demographic survey and the 2002 lesotho demographic survey supplementary enquiry. The study examines trends in the proximate determinants of fertility sexual activity, contraception, and postpartuminfecundability in ghana over a decade from 1998 to 2008 with a view to finding out their contributions to fertility decline and explaining the factors. The proximate determinants of fertility in eswatini. In certain situations, one or more of the other proximate determinants may play an important role, e. Explaining the role of proximate determinants on fertility. Four subsaharan african countrieskenya, senegal, sudan, and ghanahave participated in both the wfs and the. In zambia, however, there is limited understanding of their effects. Conclusion among the four proximate determinants of fertility, the contribution of index of marriage was the highest in. Fertility differentials and determinants aynalem adugna page 6 regions but there is a slight hint of an earlier age at marriage in tigray, amhara, benishangul and gambela among the 40 44 year olds where the median marriage age is less than 16.
United nations ilibrary proximate determinants and their. A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of. The lower the four indices of proximate determinants, the more fertility will be reduced. The study reveals a moderate decline in fertility between 1977 and 2002 from 5. The data used for the analysis in this dissertation comes from the.
The 2003 national demographic and health survey ndhs included information on the following factors. Explaining the role of proximate determinants on fertility decline among. Proximate determinants and their influences on fertility reduction in viet nam the present study estimates the fertilityinhibiting effects of the four important proximate determinants, namely marriage, contraception, induced abortion and postpartum infecundability in viet nam. In this section, we will summarize available data related to proximate determinants of fertility in japan while referring to some of the related literature targeting populations overseas. To contribute to this understanding, this study applied the bongaarts adjusted proximate determinants of fertility model to 33 low and middleincome countries using data collected from the demographic and health survey dhs programme between 2000 and 2016. There have been two periods of intense interest in the determinants of fertility by demographers. Education, an important and amenable policy variable in ssa, has rather a complex and ultimate negative relationship with fertility modifiable through a set of proximate determinants of fertility. Bongaarts and potter 1983 quantified the effects of six of the nine proximate. Pdf background world population is growing at about 80 million people each year. The first period, which encompasses the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was dominated by a concern about differential fertility within western countries. Fertility, proximate determinants ofthe proximate determinants of fertility are the biological and behavioral factors through which the indirect determinantssocial, economic, psychological, and environmental variablesaffect fertility. The analysis suggests that the fall in fertility is consistent with the underlying trends in most important proximate determinants of fertility. A total of 105 surveys covering 39 countries are used. From bongaarts 1978, 1982 model, the proximate determinants investigated in this study.